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1 multinational organization
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > multinational organization
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2 multinational organization
1) Экономика: многонациональная компания2) Страхование: многонациональная организацияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > multinational organization
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3 multinational organization
English-Russian insurance dictionary > multinational organization
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4 multinational organization
Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > multinational organization
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5 organization
1) организация; устройство, формирование2) объединение, организация3) организационная структураАнгло-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > organization
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6 многонациональная компания
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > многонациональная компания
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7 MFO
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mixed Function Oxidase, (part of routing system) МФО2) Спорт: Men's Foil Open (Fencing)3) Военный термин: major force-oriented issues, military forwarding officer, military forwarding organization, missile field office, missile firing officer, missile firing order, multinational force and observers, multinational force and observers MFMR, M-day force material requirements, multinational forces4) Техника: master frequency oscillator5) Экономика: МФО6) Автомобильный термин: Multi Functional Oil7) Сокращение: Multinational Force & Observers8) Биохимия: Mixed Function Oxidase9) Фирменный знак: Mr Fixit Online10) Автоматика: manual feedrate override -
8 mfo
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Mixed Function Oxidase, (part of routing system) МФО2) Спорт: Men's Foil Open (Fencing)3) Военный термин: major force-oriented issues, military forwarding officer, military forwarding organization, missile field office, missile firing officer, missile firing order, multinational force and observers, multinational force and observers MFMR, M-day force material requirements, multinational forces4) Техника: master frequency oscillator5) Экономика: МФО6) Автомобильный термин: Multi Functional Oil7) Сокращение: Multinational Force & Observers8) Биохимия: Mixed Function Oxidase9) Фирменный знак: Mr Fixit Online10) Автоматика: manual feedrate override -
9 MFO
MFO, major force-oriented issues————————MFO, military forwarding officer————————MFO, military forwarding organization————————MFO, missile field office————————MFO, missile firing officer————————MFO, missile firing order————————MFO, multinational force and observers————————MFO, multinational forcesEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > MFO
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10 transfer pricing
Mktga pricing method used when supplying products or services from one part of an organization to another. The transfer pricing method can be used to supply goods either at cost or at profit if profit targets are to be achieved. This can cause difficulties if an internal customer can buy more cheaply outside the organization. Multinational businesses have been known to take advantage of this pricing policy by transferring products from one country to another in order for profits to be higher in the country where corporation tax is lower. -
11 company
сущ.1) общ. общество, компания; гость, гостиin company — в обществе, на людях
in company with smb. — в обществе кого-л.
2) общ. собеседник; партнер по общению3) сокр. Coа) эк. компания; фирма; предприятиеcapital goods company — компания, выпускающая средства производства
company under foreign ownership — компания, являющаяся иностранной собственностью
to set up [form, found\] a company — основать [учредить\] компанию
to float a company [to launch\] a company — учредить компанию и выпустить ее акции на рынок
See:advertising company, barter company, bartering company, cargo-handling company, controlling company, controlled company, domestic company, employee leasing company, export management company, export-import company, factor company, factoring company, foreign company, forfaiting company, forwarding company, freight-handling company, global company, holding company, import-export company, international business company, international company, internationally-based company, leasing company, life settlement company, logistics company, multinational company, offshore company, overseas company, parent company, pension company, sister company, subsidiary company, supranational company, title company, title insurance company, transnational company, wholesale company, affiliated company, agent-owned reinsurance company, captive insurance company, allied company, ancillary company, associate company, related company, auxiliary company, benevolent company, bogus company, captive finance company, captive insurance company, charitable company, chartered company, close company, close investment holding company, closed company, closed end management company, closed-end investment company, close-end investment company, closed-end management company, investment company, commercial company, company agreement, company auditor, company bargaining, company bull, company by-law, company car, company card, company doctor, company formation, company indicia, company law, company limited by guarantee, company limited by shares, company man, company name, company officer, company registrar, company secretary, company statute, company tax, company treasurer, company union, company unionism, company-wide, defunct company, dormant company, established company, exempt private company, farming company, formation of company, incorporated company, independent company, intercompany transaction, investment trust company, joint company, joint stock company, limited company, limited liability company, limited purpose trust company, management company, multiplant company, mutual company, nominee company, non-commercial company, non-for-profit company, not-for-profit company, one man company, open-end company, paper company, plan company, private company, private limited company, private limited liability company, proprietary company, public company, public limited company, public limited liability company, public utility company, publicly held company, publicly owned company, publicly traded company, quasi-public company, registered company, registration of company, regulated company, related company, shell company, sleeping company, small business investment company, small company, statutory company, sub-company, trust company, underlying company, unlimited company, blue chip company, company officer 2) African Management Services Companyб) эк., юр., амер. (собирательное понятие, применяемое, как правило, к формам организации бизнеса, имеющим в основе своей деятельности объединение капиталов: корпорации, товариществу и т. п.; не применяется по отношению к такой форме, как индивидуальное предпринимательство)Syn:See:в) эк., юр., брит. = corporation 2) б),г) ист. (те члены коммерческой организации, чьи фамилии не упоминаются в названии)See:4) общ., разг., амер. контора*, органы* (Центральное разведывательное управление США, ЦРУ; с определенным артиклем, с прописной буквы)See:5) эк. тр. гильдия (организация, действующая в Лондонском Сити, занимающаяся в основном благотворительной деятельностью и образовавшаяся из средневековых профессиональных объединений)6) мор. экипаж, команда7) воен. воинская единица; батальон, рота ( пехотные), батарея ( артиллерийская), эскадрон ( кавалерийский)See:
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company (Co; Coy) компания: юридическое лицо, представляющее собой ассоциацию вкладчиков капитала (акционеров) для осуществления той или иной деятельности (товарищество, акционерная компания); = corporation 2.* * *компания, акционерное общество, фирма. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *корпоративное предприятие, которое является юридическим лицом, в отличие от его участников; компания оперирует как самостоятельная единица, успеха которой добиваются все ее члены -
12 firm
I сущ.а) эк., юр. (организация, созданная одним или более юридическими и/или физическими лицами для выполнения определенного вида деятельности с целью получения прибыли)to manage [operate, run\] a firm — управлять фирмой
law [advertising\] firm — юридическая [рекламная\] фирма
Syn:See:accounting firm, advertising firm, broker's firm, forwarder firm, international firm, logistics firm, multinational firm, parent firm, transnational firm, executive search firm, service firm, retail firm, manufacturing firm, trade firm, consulting firm, delivery firm, mail-order firm, professional service firm, wholesale firmб) эк. (в экономической теории: один из экономических агентов (наряду с государством и домохозяйствами), покупающий ресурсы производства у домохозяйств и производящий блага)See:II 1. прил.1)а) эк. крепкий; плотный; твердый; устойчивый (в том числе о ценах, соглашениях, тенденциях и т. д.)to be on firm ground — чувствовать твердую почву под ногами; чувствовать себя уверенно
The market is firm. — Положение рынка устойчивое.
See:б) общ. твердый, неизменныйSee:в) фин. устойчивый ( о курсе)The pound was firm against the dollar. — Курс фунта был устойчив по отношению к доллару.
See:2) общ. твердый, непоколебимый, нерушимый; верный ( своим убеждениям)firm faith [belief\] — твердая вера
3)а) общ. решительный, настойчивыйб) общ. строгий4) общ. учрежденный, принятый, установленный2. гл.1) общ. укреплять; уплотнять; утрамбовывать ( землю)2) общ. улаживать; окончательно устанавливать3) эк. крепнуть (о ценах, настроении на рынке)In fact, there have been some recent signs that the market is firming and we're hopeful we will see continued improvement in prices. — Фактически, можно наблюдать некоторые признаки укрепления рынка, и мы надеемся, что рост цен продолжится.
See:
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1) фирма: по британскому законодательству - товарищество (Закон о товариществах 1890 г.), а в США - неинкорпорированный бизнес; однако на практике термин часто используется для обозначения любой компании или товарищества; 2) твердая, устойчивая или повышательная: о тенденции развития рыночной конъюнктуры); 3) твердый, окончательный: о цене предложения, приказе, заказе, соглашении; см. firm order.* * *. Твердый . Употребляется по отношению к приказам на покупку или продажу, которые могут быть исполнены без подтверждения в течение какого-либо фиксированного периода Словарь экономических терминов .* * *1. любая деловая организация2. деловое партнерство -
13 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
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продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
14 transnational corporation
сокр. TNC межд. эк. транснациональная корпорация, ТНК (по выработанному в ООН определению: предприятия, не зависимые от страны их происхождения и формы собственности на них (частные, государственные или смешанные), имеющие отделения в двух или более странах, которые функционируют в соответствии с системой принятия решений, позволяющей проводить согласованную политику и общую стратегию)Syn:multinational corporation, transnational company, transnational enterprise, transnational firm, international corporationSee:Англо-русский экономический словарь > transnational corporation
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15 MTO
1) Общая лексика: material take-off for, минеральный терпентин (mineral terpentine oil)2) Американизм: Microsystems Technology Office (DARPA)3) Военный термин: Military Transport Office, Mission Type Order, Movement and Transport Office, maintenance technology office, mechanical transport officer, medical transport officer, mission, task, objective, modification task outline, motor transport officer4) Техника: расход материалов, (Multipurpose Tractor Oil) универсальное тракторное масло5) Юридический термин: обязательное предложение о выкупе акций (по закону "Об акц.обществах")6) Финансы: обязательное тендерное предложение, Mandatory Tender Offer7) Сокращение: Military Transport Officer (UK)8) Университет: Music Theory Online9) Вычислительная техника: Many-To-One, Novell StandbyServer10) Нефть: (metric ton of oil) метрическая тонна нефти11) Фирменный знак: Made To Order, Mensch Technologie Organisation, Multimodal Transport Operator12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: material takeoff, выборка материалов (material take off)13) Инвестиции: mandatory takeover, обязательное конкурсное предложение (обязательство реализовать акции путем объявления открытого конкурса)14) Сетевые технологии: Massive Traffic Overload15) Автоматика: make-to-order16) Сахалин Р: Material Take-Off, material take off17) Международная торговля: Multinational Trade Organization -
16 country
1. n1) страна; государство2) местность, территория3) (the country) деревня, сельская местность; провинция•to address the country — обращаться / выступать с обращением к стране
to antagonize a country — восстанавливать против себя какую-л. страну
to break with a country — разрывать (дипломатические) отношения с какой-л. страной
to bring a country under one's control — устанавливать контроль над страной
to control a country — контролировать положение в стране; управлять страной
to cut connections with a country — разрывать отношения / связи со страной
to declare war (up)on a country — объявлять войну какой-л. стране
to defect to a country — бежать в какую-л. страну
to distance oneself from a country — отмежевываться от какой-л. страны
to engulf a country — охватывать всю страну (о волне демонстраций, арестов и т.п.)
to enter a country illegally / without permission / by the back door — нелегально въезжать в страну
to flee to a country — бежать в какую-л. страну
to force a country to its knees — перен. ставить страну на колени
to gang up against a country — объединяться против какой-л. страны
to get tough with a country — занять жесткую позицию по отношению к какой-л. стране
to lead a country — руководить / управлять страной
to leave a country altogether — выходить из состава страны; отделяться от страны
to liberate a country — освобождать страну (от чужеземного ига и т.п.)
to make a country one's home — обретать родину в какой-л. стране
to move out of a country — выезжать из страны; покидать страну
to rule a country with an iron fist — править / управлять страной железной рукой
to start smiling at a country — начинать заигрывать с какой-л. страной
to strike back against a country — наносить ответный удар по какой-л. стране
to take over a country — брать на себя руководство / управление страной
- one country - two systemsto tighten one's grip on the country — усиливать свою власть в стране
- ACP
- adoptive country
- advanced country
- African, Caribbean and Pacific countries
- agrarian country
- agricultural country
- aid-giving country
- all across the country
- applicant country
- arms-producing country
- arms-recipient country
- assisted country
- assisting country
- associated countries
- backward country
- belligerent country
- capital-exporting country
- capital-importing country
- change of policy on a country
- civilized country
- coastal country
- colonial country
- Common Market countries
- Commonwealth countries
- consuming country
- contributing country
- countries allied against smb
- countries of the Arab world
- countries of the Delhi Six
- countr's dissolution into several parts
- country at war
- country awashed with guns
- country divided on racial lines
- country has been battered by the financial crisis
- country is at crossroads
- country is falling apart
- country is heading towards dictatorship
- country is in the throes of a revolution
- country of adoption
- country of destination
- country of origin
- country of residence
- country of service
- country split apart by a civil war
- country torn apart by a guerilla war
- country under occupation
- creditor country
- debtor country
- defeated country
- deficit country
- dependent country
- developed country
- developing country
- disintegration of a country
- dismemberment of a country
- division of a country
- donor country
- economically dependent country
- economically independent country
- emergent country
- English-speaking countries
- enslaved country - exporting country
- ex-Warsaw Pact country
- flare-up between two countries
- for the good of the country
- founding of a country
- fragmentation of a country
- French-speaking African countries
- friendly country
- geographical position of a country
- geographically disadvantaged country
- giving country
- Gulf countries
- high-income country
- highly developed country
- highly industrialized country
- hinterland country
- home country
- host country
- importing country
- indebted country
- independent country
- industrialized advanced countries
- industrialized developed countries
- industrially advanced countries
- industrially developed countries - invasion of a country
- inviting country
- island country
- land-locked country
- LDC
- leading country
- least developed countries
- lender country
- lending country
- less-developed country
- littoral country
- low-income country
- low-tax country
- Maghreb countries
- major trading countries
- manufacturing country
- market-economy country
- MDC
- Mediterranean country
- medium-sized country
- member country
- metropolitan country
- middle-sized country
- more developed country
- most seriously affected countries
- mother country
- MSA countries
- multilateral countries
- multinational country
- national characteristics of a country
- NATO countries
- needy country
- neighboring country
- neutral country
- new developing countries
- newly industrializing country
- NIC
- nonaligned country
- nonassociated countries
- non-EU country
- nonmember country
- nonnuclear country
- nonoil country
- non-OPEC country
- nonsterling country
- nuclear country
- nuclear-free country
- offensive action into a country
- oil-consuming country
- oil-exporting country
- oil-importing country
- oil-producing country
- Old country
- one-crop country
- overpopulated country
- over-represented country
- participating country - peace-loving country
- Persian Gulf countries
- petroleum-exporting country
- petroleum-importing country
- planned economy country
- plight of a country
- political breakup of the country
- poor country
- populous country
- poverty-belt country
- poverty-stricken country
- primary exporting country
- primary producing country
- producing country
- prosperous country
- readmission of a country to an international organization
- receiving country
- recipient country
- reserve-currency country
- resource-poor country
- revitalization of the country
- satellite country
- self-sufficiency of a country
- semi-colonial country
- severely indebted country
- single-resource country
- small countries
- socialist country
- sponsor country
- staunchly Islamic country
- sterling country
- supplier country
- surplus country
- takeover of a country
- target country
- territorial claims on a country
- third countries
- Third World countries
- threshold country
- throughout the country
- trade-intensive country
- trading country
- transit country
- treaty country
- trouble country
- under-represented country
- unfriendly country
- unified country
- unsympathetic country
- vassal country
- veiled reference to a country
- war-crippled country
- war-ravaged country
- war-torn country
- well-developed country
- Western countries
- Western European country 2. attrудаленный от центра, провинциальный -
17 Industry
Portuguese industry includes electricity, gas, water, mining, and manufacturing sectors. Manufacturing, the largest of these sectors, is concentrated in two major industrial regions: Lisbon-Setúbal in the south and Oporto-Aveiro-Braga in the north. Together, these two regions contain the factories that account for 75 percent of Portugal's industrial output. The Lisbon-Setúbal region includes major heavy industries, such as steel making, shipbuilding and repair, oil refining, chemicals, cement, automobile assembly, wood pulp, cork, and fish processing. About 140 kilometers (84 miles) to the south at Sines is a major deepwater port and associated steel-making and oil-refining complex at Sines. Light industry is located primarily in the Oporto-Aveiro-Braga industrial triangle. Here are located factories that manufacture textiles, footwear, furniture, cutlery, and electronics. Portugal's largest petroleum refinery is located in Oporto.Industrial organization in Portugal reflects three ownership patterns: privately owned domestic factories are concentrated in light industrials; publicly owned factories dominate heavy industry, such as petrochemicals, shipbuilding, steel making, petroleum refining, and electricity; subsidiaries of multinational corporations dominate electronics, automotive, pharmaceutical, and electrical machinery industries. In general, Portugal's light industries, such as textiles, footwear, food, beverage, cork products, and furniture, are labor intensive and technologically backward. -
18 international management
Gen Mgt1. the maintenance and development of an organization’s production or market interests across national borders with either local or expatriate staff2. the process of running a multinational business, made up of formerly independent organizations3. the body of skills, knowledge, and understanding required to manage cross-cultural operations -
19 large-sized business
Gen Mgtan organization that has grown beyond the limits of a medium-sized business and has 500 or more employees. It is usually from the ranks of large-sized businesses that multinational businesses arise. -
20 Eastman, George
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 12 July 1854 Waterville, New York, USAd. 14 March 1932 Rochester, New York, USA[br]American industrialist and pioneer of popular photography.[br]The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.[br]Further ReadingC.Ackerman, 1929, George Eastman, Cambridge, Mass.B.Coe, 1973, George Eastman and the Early Photographers, London.BC
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